Общий растворитель для химической реакции диметилформамид (DMF)

Common Solvent for Chemical Reaction

Dimethyl Formamide (DMF)

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DMF is a common solvent for chemical reactions. Dimethyl formamide is odorless whereas technical grade or degraded samples often have a fishy smell due to impurity of dimethyl amine. As its name indicates, it is a derivative of formamide, the amide of formic acid. DMF is a polar (hydrophilic) aprotic solvent with a high boiling point. It facilitates reactions that follow polar mechanisms, such as S_N2 reactions.

In one of its main uses in organic synthesis, DMF is a reagent in the Vilsmeier- Haack reaction, which is used to formylate aromatic compounds.

The primary use of DMF is as a solvent with low evaporation rate. DMF is used in the production of acrylic fibers and plastics. It is also used as a solvent in peptide coupling for pharmaceutical, in the development and production of pesticides, and in the manufacture of adhesives, synthetic leathers, fibers, films, and surface coatings.

* It is used as a reagent in the Bouveault aldehyde synthesis and in the Vilsmeier-Haack reaction, another useful method of forming aldehydes.

* It is also a common catalyst used in the synthesis of acyl halides, in particular the synthesis of acyl chlorides from carboxylic acids using oxalyl or thionyl chloride. The catalytic mechanism entails reversible formation of an imidoyl chloride.

* DMF penetrates most plastics and makes them swell. Because of this property DMF is suitable for solid phase peptide synthesis and as a  component of paint strippers.

* DMF is used as a solvent to recover olefins such as 1,3-butadiene via extractive distillation.

* It is also used in the manufacturing of solvent dyes as an important raw material. It is consumed during reaction.

* Pure acetylene gas cannot be compressed and stored without the danger of explosion. Industrial acetylene is safely compressed in the pressence of dimethyl formamide, which forms a safe, concentrated solution. The casing is also filled with agamassan, which renders it safe to transport and use.

Safety:

Reactions including the use of sodium hydride in DMF as a solvent are somewhat hazardous; exohermic decompositions have been reported at temperatures as low as 26℃. On a laboratory scale any thermal runaway is (usually) quickly noticed and brought under control with an ice bath and this remains and this remains a popular combination of reagents. On a pilot plant scale, on the other hand, several accidents have been reported.

Toxicity:

The potential toxicity of DMF has received considerable attention. It is not classified as human carcinogen, but it is thought to cause birth defects. In some sectors of industry, women are banned from working with DMF. For many reactions, it can be replaced with dimethyl sulfoxide. Most manufacturers of DMF list “Life” or “Chronic” as a health hazard in their MSDS since DMF is not readily disposed of by the body. According to IARC, DMF is not classified as to its carcinogenicity to humans, and the United States Environmental Protection Agency does not consider it a cancer.

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